Kazakhstan's 660 MW hydropower push risks ecosystems without stricter rules

Central Asian Nations Expand Small Hydropower Plants, but Environmental Risks Raise Concerns

Countries in Central Asia are increasingly turning to small hydropower plants (SHPPs) to electrify rural areas and bolster energy security. Yet experience shows that such facilities on natural waterways can lead to serious ecological consequences. This issue was the focus of a panel session, "Toward Sustainable Development of Small Hydropower in the Region," held as part of the RES 2026 forum.

The discussion centered on two key documents in development: the "Regional Guidelines for Sustainable Small Hydropower" and the "Methodological Framework for Environmental Impact Assessments of Small Hydropower Projects."

Kazakhstan currently operates 43 small hydropower plants with a combined capacity of 313 MW. In 2025, renewable energy sources generated 8.621 billion kWh of electricity, of which small and medium-sized hydropower plants contributed 1.196 billion kWh of green energy. Under existing agreements, new hydropower facilities with a total capacity of around 660 MW are slated for commissioning by the end of 2030.

The highest concentration of operational renewable energy projects, including hydropower plants, is found in the southern and eastern regions. Zhambyl, Almaty, and Jetisu regions lead in this sector.

The environmental impact of small hydropower construction is growing in relevance each year. Panel speakers highlighted the key ecological risks associated with such projects.

For instance, experts noted that building hydropower plants on small mountain rivers requires meticulous calculation of water flow volumes and potential changes post-construction. A drop in downstream water levels could disrupt agricultural activities and water access for rural communities.

Every small hydropower plant must incorporate fish ladders to ensure unobstructed migration for spawning fish. Some specialists argue that in areas with pristine nature, endemic fish species, or rare aquatic life, such construction should be avoided altogether.

Another critical misstep—one with severe ecological consequences—is siting hydropower plants in protected natural areas, a practice that, unfortunately, still occurs, according to Tamara Kutonova, the panel moderator and a representative of the UN Economic Commission for Europe.